TNF and infection: Jamile et al demonstrated that neutrophil counts and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and TNFα) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples significantly increased 72 hours after UU infection and gradually decreased at 7 and 14 days post-infection.[31] These studies suggested that UU plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute pulmonary inflammation in neonates.