VEGFA and amenorrhea: CD4+ T cells are able to produce IL-10.[46] Mammalian studies indicate that IL-10 inhibits VEGF induced angiogenesis.[47] T helper 1 (Th1) cells secrete interferon-γ, suppressing the expression of VEGF.[48] It has been reported that VEGF is an important regulator of follicle development and selection in mammals, determining follicular growth.[49] Thus, the expression of HLA-DR on pDCs may play a role in modulating the immune response and angiogenesis, potentially contributing to the development of amenorrhea.