PAOX and neoplasm: Studies on Bacteroides and colorectal cancer suggest that the toxin produced by enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis activates host-produced polyamine oxidase, generating hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species, damaging DNA in epithelial cells, and promoting tumor development.[34] Another study indicates that these bacteria may induce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17, thereby reducing the host’s anticancer immune response and allowing cancer growth.[35] We also observed a positive correlation between genus Bilophila and genus Candidatus Soleaferrea and EC.