GPT and chronic kidney disease: While no significant differences were observed in AST and ALT levels between the groups (S1A and S1B Figs), ALP levels were significantly higher in the CKD group (67.36 ± 5.17 U/L) compared to the control group (47.61 ± 5.89 U/L) (p < 0.05), suggesting liver damage or infection in the CKD group.