PDCD1 and acute kidney injury: In a meta-analysis of 48 randomized controlled trials, the pooled estimated incidence rate of AKI during PD-1 inhibitor exposure was 2.2%.24 In real life, this risk seems to be slightly higher, as two recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses reported the incidence of ICI-induced AKI to be 3.5% and 5.7%, respectively.25,26 Several risk factors for ICI-induced AKI have been described, including preexisting CKD, diabetes, and concomitant extrarenal immune-related adverse events.