ADRB1 and cerebral cavernous malformation: Furthermore, morpholino silencing of the gene that encodes the β1 (adrb1) but not β2 (adrb2) receptor also prevents CVP cavernomas (Li et al., 2021a), suggesting that the β1 adrenergic receptor (β1AR), which primarily impacts hemodynamics (van den Meiracker et al., 1989), contributes to the pathogenesis of CCM.