TNF and Insulin resistance: Improves insulin resistance, decreases testosterone and leptin, and increases adiponectin levels; decreases lipid deposition, malondialdehyde, inflammatory mediators (nuclear factor-κB and tumor necrosis factor-α), lactate dehydrogenase, lactate/pyruvate ratio, HDAC, and PDK 4 in skeletal muscle; and increases glycogen synthesis, glutathione, and NrF2.