TGFB1 and cancer: It is reasonable to anticipate that dual blockade of TGF-β and PD-L1 with bifunctional fusion proteins targeting TGF-β and PD-L1 149, 150, or co-administration of TGF-β receptor inhibitor galunisertib with the PD-L1 antibody durvalumab 151 will lead to more effective breaking down of the host immunosuppression, thus enhancing cancer immunotherapy targeting CSC-associated signaling pathways.