Examples of murine models include the transgenic mouse model with increased circulating TGF-β1 expression in the plasma (driven by albumin promoter in hepatocytes) that progressively developed glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and nephrotic syndrome 31 and transgenic mouse with a targeted increase of TGF-β1 in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (driven by Ren-1c promoter) that also developed progressive glomerular disease with reduced kidney function 32, 33. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and nephrotic syndrome.