In contrast, prior research conducted in glioblastoma has revealed that MAEA can ubiquitinate and degrade PHD3, thereby promoting disease progression 18, while studies have also demonstrated that PHD3 inhibits the metastasis of colon cancer through the occludin-p38 pathway 25, reduces the migratory and invasive capacity of gastric cancer cells, and impedes the formation of tumor vasculature by negatively regulating HIF1A and VEGF 26. This evidence concerns the gene OCLN and glioblastoma.