HK2 and neoplasm: It was found that 15 μM 3-BrPA could severely inhibit ATP production in tumor cells by disrupting the interaction between HK2 and mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel-1 (VDAC1) proteins, and that glycolysis, NADP, ATP, and lactic acid production were severely inhibited in 40 μM 3-BrPA-treated tumor cells.