Inhibition of the serine protease elastase was thefirst to be discovered and found to result in the disruption of NF-kBsignaling causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast cancercell lines.21−23 I3C has more recently been found to target two membersof the NEDD4 family of HECT E3 ligases, NEDD4-1 (neural precursorcell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4) and WWP1(WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1). The gene discussed is WWP1; the disease is medical procedure.