In our recent investigation using the target sequencing panel for 34 CRS-related genes, we observed that individuals with rare or structural variations in causative genes accounted for up to 30% of CRS patients in a Korean cohort (6), including incomplete penetrance in the haploinsufficiency genes that are associated with autosomal dominant disorders, such as ERF and TCF12 (7, 8). Here, TCF12 is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.