TLR5 and infection: The expression of upstream TLRs was significantly modified by HBV-F but mostly returned to normal following AAV2/WJ11-Cas9 treatment, except for TLR5. Upregulation of TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR7, and TLR9 by HBV-F infection may contribute to the induction of inflammatory cytokine production (Kayesh et al., 2023), which was downregulated by AAV2/WJ11-Cas9 treatment.