Additionally, other factors released by neutrophils after AIS, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) (e.g., superoxide, hypochlorous acid), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and various chemokines (e.g., CCL2, CCL3, CCL5), can not only affect the BBB and brain parenchyma18, but also impair the fibrinolytic system by stimulating the production of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1)19, thereby influencing patient prognosis. Here, CCL2 is linked to androgen insensitivity syndrome.