AHR and infection: In infection, AHR can modify natural immunological reactions to various pathogens (Barreira-Silva et al. 2024; Hu et al. 2023), including CoVs like Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and CCoV-II (Grunewald et al. 2020; Giovannoni et al. 2021; Cerracchio et al. 2022; Shi et al. 2023; Yousefi et al. 2023; Healey et al. 2024).