VEGF-A (VEGFA) induces the exhaustion of activated CD8+ T-cells by enhancing the expression of immune checkpoint molecules, including PD-1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3, and anti-VEGFA antibody decreases the expression of immune checkpoint molecules which lead to suppression of tumor growth in anti-PD-1 antibody-resistant tumor models [28]. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.