SPP1 and liver cancer: In AE research, Spp1 was associated with angiogenesis,[60] and the elimination of macrophages impaired worm expulsion and reduced liver fibrosis.[52] The depletion of Spp1 expressed by macrophages can also improve the anti‐PD1 treatment in mouse liver cancer.[61] These findings suggest that modulation of Spp1+ macrophages may have therapeutic potential for AE.