PTEN and cancer: However, the primary challenge remains that NHPs have yet to be used as in vivo pharmacodynamic models to simulate human diseases, such as cancer.[13] Our previous study developed an in situ gene‐editing approach to induce efficient loss‐of‐function mutations in PTEN and TP53 for the rapid modeling of primary and metastatic liver tumors using CRISPR/Cas9 in adult cynomolgus monkeys.