INS and gestational diabetes: Pregnancy weight gain, gestational age, neonatal birth weight and height, apolipoprotein (apo) A1, and LDL-C levels were significantly lower, while fasting-, 1 h-, and 2 h-glucose levels in the OGTT between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation, apoB/apoA1, TG/HDL-C, fasting glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR, malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were significantly higher in the GDM group than those in the control group (P < 0.05).