In the same study, this class of drugs elicited an augmented PSA secretion by PCa cells, possibly indicating a hyper-activation of the androgen receptor pathway, mediated by the inhibition of cellular prostatic acid phosphatase (cPAcP) expression and activity, while promoting the phosphorylation of erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 (ErbB2), mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (MAPK-ERK1/2), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase- protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β). Here, MAPK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.