To address these gaps, we studied cross-sectional relationships between actigraphy-measured physical activity in hourly windows (based on both clock time and relative to sleep timing) and prevalent diabetes and multiple glycaemic markers (i.e. fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and 2 h OGTT results) in a large, diverse and nationally representative sample in the USA. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.