INS and Hyperglycemia: Reduced ATP synthesis impairs insulin signalling and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt pathways, leading to decreased glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, dysregulated fatty acid metabolism, and the accumulation of lipid intermediates, which further exacerbate IR by interfering with insulin signalling cascades and glucose metabolic pathways, further exacerbating hyperglycaemia [1,4].