Among these 16 hub genes, eight have been previously reported to be strongly associated with obesity (Matsumura et al., 2024; Khatiwada et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2021; Pan et al., 2023), namely, G6PD, ACACA, TPI1, DLAT, ACLY, DLD, and ACO2, highlighting their relevance to metabolic processes. Here, TPI1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.