BAK1 and melanoma: According to the results from Figure 8, at a high and cytotoxic concentration (50 μg/mL), MEL-NPs were also found to trigger apoptosis by increasing pro-apoptotic Bad, Bak, and Bax and suppressing anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL, specific biomarkers belonging to the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) superfamily of proteins that regulates the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and is highly dysfunctional in different human cancers, including melanoma (Coricovac et al., 2021).