TNF and Hyperglycemia: In vitro analysis demonstrated that procyanidin B2 has a protective effect against hyperglycaemia-induced mesangial cell dysfunction in the kidney, with a decrease of oxidative stress and cellular inflammation by inactivating redoxosome signalling pathway (as TGF-β1/SMAD and IL-1β/TNF-α/NF-κB); this mechanism was dependent on caveolin-1 (CAV-1) suppression in these cells (55).