TNF and pulmonary fibrosis: Whereas TNF‐α‐overexpressing mice possess a lung phenotype with emphysematous and fibrotic features, therapies targeting only TNF‐α have not shown benefits due to both infectious and noninfectious complications resulting from TNF‐α inhibitor‐related pulmonary toxicity, especially in the context of pulmonary fibrosis (Khasnis & Calabrese, 2010; Lundblad et al., 2005).