This dose was selected based on our previous study as treatment with this particular dose enhanced the expression of stemness markers without significantly affecting the cell viability.25 Similar to the chemo-treated patient tumors, treatment of breast cancer cell lines with the chemo-therapeutic drug paclitaxel increased the expression of SOX2, ALDH1A1, and YAP/TAZ (Fig. 1a; Supplementary Fig. S2a–c). Here, ALDH1A1 is linked to breast carcinoma.