TGFB1 and neoplasm: In advanced cancers, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) suppresses antitumor immune responses and drives tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, contributing to resistance to anticancer treatment.11,12,13 HPV-associated cancers overexpress TGF-β receptor 1 and are associated with the TGF-β pathway.14 Bintrafusp alfa (BA) is a bifunctional fusion protein sequestering TGF-β and blocking programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the tumor microenvironment (TME).