IFNβ serves as a crucial mediator bridging innate and adaptive immunity, orchestrating the composition and function of innate and adaptive immune cells within the TME.[28] It initiates and maintains the tumor's immunoinflammatory phenotype by inducing the expression of various cytokines and chemokines, facilitating immune cell infiltration, activating NK cells for direct tumor lysis, promoting DC maturation, and CD8+ T cell activation, and fostering the development of antitumor immune memory.[29]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNB1 and neoplasm.