PPARA and cancer: Importantly, further pathway analysis of this transcriptomic dataset (Extended Data Fig. 8) demonstrated that peristalsis-like deformations activate pathways associated with IBD progression and exacerbation in the epithelium, including those involved in cancer, Toll-like receptor signaling, PPAR signaling, and focal adhesion in IBD epithelium (Extended Data Fig. 9A) as well as NOD-like receptor signaling, PDGF signaling, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction in IBD fibroblasts (Extended Data Fig. 9B).