The MetastaticMelanoma-Liu_NatMed_2019 cohort included anti-PD1-treated metastatic melanoma patients; the AdvancedMelanoma-Snyder_NEJM_2014 cohort included advanced melanoma patients treated with anti-CTLA-4 therapy; the KidneyCancer-Miao_Science_2018 cohort consisted of kidney cancer patients treated with PD-1 or PD-L1 blockade therapy alone or in combination with anti-CTLA-4 therapy; and the MetastaticMelanoma-VanAllen_Science_2015 cohort included anti-CTLA-4-treated metastatic melanoma patients. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is metastatic melanoma.