NUCLEOLIN and cancer: The interaction between pleiotrophin (Ptn), nucleolin (Ncl), Y-box binding protein 1 (Ybx1), and stathmin 1 (Stmn1) in cancer cells forms a complex signaling pathway (Figure 3C,D, Supplementary Figure 4A, Supplementary Data 2) that influences critical cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).