TNF and aortic stenosis: In contrast, among patients who experienced treatment failure with Infliximab (n=29), those who tested positive for anti-IFX at the time of switching to a second TNF inhibitor demonstrated a significantly better clinical response at both 3 months (83.3% vs. 27.3%; p=0.005) and 6 months (83.3% vs. 36.4%; p=0.017).26 These findings underline the multifaceted impact of anti-IFX antibodies on treatment outcomes and highlight their potential utility as a biomarker in guiding therapeutic decisions for AS patients.