Similarly, fungal dysbiosis in GC, including enrichment of Apiotrichum and Cutaneotrichosporon, drives inflammation through cytokines such as TNF-α and CXCL9, which suppress tumor-suppressive miRNAs and promote oncogenic pathways(Kim et al., 2024; Kim et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2022). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.