Although the avian pancreas does produce insulin, and the avian liver is sensitive to it, it has been proposed that birds are largely insulin-resistant (akin to Type II diabetes), with very limited insulin-mediated glucose uptake in fat and skeletal muscle tissue, and a paucity of insulin receptors (Dupont et al., 2012; Sweazea, 2022). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.