This was opposite the effects of Enpp1 overexpression, in which the increase in Enpp1 expression increased the AMP-to-ATP ratio (Fig. 6E) and enhanced the AMPK phosphorylation and PPARα protein expression as well as the downstream genes of PPARα in AML-12 cells treated with PA (Fig. 6F and Fig. S3B). The gene discussed is PPARA; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.