SMAD2 and colorectal carcinoma: Exogenous TGFβRII or TA-02, a potent and selective inhibitor of TGFβRII, was subsequently added to these LX2 cells, and the results further verified that MIR181A1HG in CRC cell-derived EVs activated HSCs via the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway (Fig. 4r, s).