MSH2 and Familial prostate cancer: However, this could be due to a lack of power related to low carrier frequency; in MSH2, for example, it is notable that the effect size estimate for PTVs (OR = 3.38 [1.55–6.90], P = 1.20 × 10−3) was similar to the effect sizes in DDR genes found to be significantly associated with the overall risk of prostate cancer.