TNF and infection: Certain studies have ascertained[63,64] that the active ingredients within Xuebijing injection comprise safflower flavin A, ferulic acid, danshensu, paeoniflorin, protocatechuic aldehyde, and ligustrazine, which possess the capabilities of diminishing endotoxin levels, suppressing the inflammatory response, reducing IL-6 and TNF-α, and modulating the immune response so as to govern the occurrence and development of infection.