,11,52 Previous studies and our study showed that stimulating TRPV1+ visceral sensory afferents (PAVA i.p.)could inhibit TNF-α production (Figure 1B), while ablation of TRPV1+ vagal sensory neurons in NG promoted inflammation during bacterial infection, suggesting that TRPV1+ visceral somatosensory afferents and vagal sensory afferents play crucial roles in controlling immune response.53 The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is bacterial infectious disease.