TLR4 and neoplasm: Remarkably, F. nucleatum, previously regarded as a tumor-promoting intratumoral bacterium, has been found to reduce the recurrence rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma and extend patient survival, which seems to be associated with fewer M2 macrophages, CD4 lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and TLR4, and increased TNFSF9 and IL-1β [148].