INS and neurodegenerative disease: Given the association between reduced brain insulin levels or insulin receptor signaling and cognitive dysfunction, as well as neurodegenerative diseases, the mechanisms involving central insulin signaling, glucose utilization, and neuronal energy homeostasis—particularly the metabolic reprogramming of neuronal energy metabolism—are emerging as promising areas of research and intervention (Chang et al. 2020; Milstein and Ferris 2021; Huang et al. 2023a;Miranda 2024).