TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Research on LL29 (IPF lung fibroblasts), NHLF (normal lung fibroblasts), and DHLF (diseased lung fibroblasts) cells showed that biochanin-A increased Smad7 expression and decreased Smad2 mRNA expression, indicating inactivation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway [129].