Loss of circulating CD141+ DCs (human equivalent of murine CD103+ DCs) in the blood of patients with IPF is correlated with a worsened prognosis and increased production of cytokines, such as IL-6, which we and others have shown is predictive of increased severity of disease and lowered transplant-free survival time (Supplemental Figure 9) (77). Here, IL6 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.