Even in patients with IPF, expression of IL-6 and some IL-17 isoforms is associated with more rapid time to death or lung transplantation (Supplemental Figure 9, A and B), and we further found that patients with IPF had significantly increased plasma levels of kynurenine in comparison to healthy controls (Supplemental Figure 9C). This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.