VDR and cancer: Cancer cells have shown ability to epigenetically alter gene expressions that would prevent the malignant cells from thriving, thereby allowing for unchecked carcinogenesis.28 Hence, despite the high VDR expression, the prostate cells will be insensitive to the antiproliferative control of vitamin D or might rewire the cellular signaling network to use VDR for tumor promotion.28 Likewise, polymorphisms in VDR as against general protein expression is associated with PCa risk.23,29