VEGFA and asthma: In addition to TGF-β, numerous cytokines, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and chemokines (e.g., CXCL2, CXCL3, and IL-8/CXCL8), also contribute to airway remodeling in asthma, either directly or indirectly [60].