CD274 and small cell lung carcinoma: Subsequent phase 3 trials also substantiated the clinical benefits of incorporating PD-L1 inhibitors into first-line regimens, demonstrating improved outcomes in this aggressive disease.5–8 Despite these advancements, the survival improvements are modest, with median OS extending by just 2.0 to 4.7 months.5–8 Hence, novel therapies are urgently needed to further improve outcomes for patients with ES-SCLC.