Combining ICIs with anti-VEGFR agents has synergistic effects via increasing T-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment.13 Preclinical data have shown that apatinib, a VEGFR inhibitor, can modulate the tumor microenvironment by decreasing tumor hypoxia, enhancing CD8 + T cell infiltration, and decreasing the accumulation of tumor-associated macrophages in lung cancer tissues.14 In lung cancer mouse models, the combination of apatinib with anti-PD-L1 antibodies led to significant suppression of tumor growth and metastasis while prolonging mouse survival.14 This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and lung carcinoma.