GCG and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Notably, no significant changes in overall IBD risk were observed with DPP4i use.[50] Another study by Abrahami et al indicated that DPP4i might increase IBD risk in T2DM patients.[51] Furthermore, studies exploring other therapeutic agents suggest that GLP-1 analogues positively reduce intestinal inflammation, whereas pioglitazone has an insignificant effect on IBD.[52,53]