VCAM-1, as a key mediator for leukocytes to adhere and migrate from circulation to surrounding tissues, its expression in the endocardium can promote thrombosis and left atrial thrombus formation, suggesting that increased VCAM-1 expression may be an important bridge connecting the inflammatory mechanisms of atrial endocardial thrombus formation with pro-thrombotic mechanisms.[42–45] Therefore, some scholars have suggested using VCAM-1 as a predictive biomarker for atrial fibrillation.[45]. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and atrial fibrillation.