As an important chemical mediator, monocyte chemoatgulant protein-1 (MCP-1) can attract white blood cells to migrate towards the venous wall, exacerbating the inflammatory response and driving vascular remodeling.[49] Research by Arase et al[50] found that MCP-1 significantly accumulates in the endothelial cells of varicose vein walls, and compared to samples from the elbow vein, the levels of MCP-1 and markers of endothelial dysfunction in samples from varicose veins are significantly upregulated. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and endothelial dysfunction.